Recent literature indicates that school-based factors, such as teaching approach and the school environment, are of primary importance in improving the educational outcomes of Indigenous students. This resource sheet reviews the research literature to identify the school-based factors that contribute to an effective learning environment. It notes examples of promising school-wide approaches, and presents background information on the significant gap between the educational achievements of Indigenous and non-Indigenous students in literacy and numeracy, Year 12 attainment and school attendance.